THE FAILURE OF EVANGELICAL ELITES
by Carl
R. TruemanNovember 2021
There are times in history when Christianity
feels its place in society coming under threat. As it finds
itself pushed to the margins, two temptations emerge. The first is an
angry sense of entitlement, an impulse to denounce the entire world
and withdraw into cultural isolation. In the early twentieth century,
American Fundamentalism offered a good example of this tendency,
renouncing public engagement and defining itself against alcohol,
evolution, the movies—characteristic productions of the
society by which it felt attacked. Arguably, we see something of the
same thing today in evangelical support for Donald Trump, though in
this case populist Protestantism is contending for America’s
future rather than retreating from its present. I dare say readers
of The Christian Century wish that truculent
evangelicals would take the Benedict Option.
The second tendency is more subtle and more
seductive. While appearing to be valiant for truth, it conforms
Christianity to the spirit of the age. If fundamentalist fist-shaking
is the temptation of the ragamuffin masses, accommodation appeals to
those who seek a seat at the table among society’s elite. And
these elite aspirants often blame the masses when their invitation to
high table fails to materialize.
Over the last few years, America has witnessed
plenty of both tendencies. We’ve seen the anger of the evangelicals
who think the country is being stolen from them, and we’ve detected
the condescension of those who blame their less urbane coreligionists
for the woes of the Church and the nation. Ecclesiastes reminds us
that there is nothing new under the sun. As often as Christianity has
had its cultured despisers, it has had adherents who respond by
warring against the age or by making entreaties to the
despisers—often reinterpreting the anti-Christian sentiments of the
moment as fulfillments of the true faith.
Today, countless apologists insist that a
rejection of Christian sexual morality is actually a fulfillment of
the Christian imperative of love, which they gloss as the imperative
to “include.” But one of the first of these apologists, and
arguably the most sophisticated, was Friedrich Schleiermacher. He is
credibly called the father of modern theology, which really means
modern liberal Protestant theology. Liberal Protestants pioneered the
tactic of labeling critics “anti-modern” rather than engaging
their arguments. Only in the last few decades, as liberal
Protestantism has declined as a cultural force, have historians
recognized that theologies framed to reject modern individualism,
subjectivism, and historicism are themselves uniquely modern.
When Schleiermacher was a young man, an older,
confessional Protestantism still had ownership of institutional
culture in his native Germany. But even then society was in
transition, and Christianity was losing ground among elites. The
first generation of historical critics was shaking old Reformation
certainties. Theology, once queen of the sciences and the crown of
university education, was subject to fundamental challenges from
Enlightenment thinking. The empiricism of thinkers such as David Hume
called into question the traditional proofs for God’s existence and
the credibility of miracles. Influenced by Hume, Immanuel Kant ruled
out-of-bounds any possibility of knowing transcendent realities. In
effect, Kantian philosophy, which rapidly came to dominate German
intellectual life, made it impossible to sustain classical Christian
theism. In the world of Kant and his successors, God was perhaps
useful as a presupposition by which to anchor moral duty—what Kant
called a “postulate” of practical reason—but theological
notions served no substantive purpose. At the same time, Romanticism
was placing sentiment or feeling at the heart of what it means to be
human. This, too, ran counter to inherited forms of Christianity,
with their dogmas and systematic theologies full of close arguments
and fine distinctions. Christianity was being cordoned off from
the influential modes of inquiry that inspired excitement and enjoyed
the prestige of the new.
It was in this context that Schleiermacher
produced his brilliant work On
Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers. He did
not dispute Kant’s strictures against metaphysics, which entailed
that we cannot know God’s revelation and thereby denied that
Christian doctrine has authority. Instead, he attacked Kant’s
reliance on argument and analysis. God, Schleiermacher insisted, is
not a postulate. He is rather the object of our most intense
emotions. Religion is thus a matter of feelings, not of reason. The
purpose of doctrine, therefore, is not to convey knowledge but to
evoke intense feelings that move our souls. We do not “know”
God; rather, we commune with God in an “immediate feeling.”
One rightly marvels at Schleiermacher’s ability
to concede all of Kant’s philosophical points while advancing a
passionate case for the enduring relevance of pious emotions. At one
point, Schleiermacher notes that Christianity is heatedly
rejected by those influenced by Enlightenment thought—and the
passion of unbelief indicates that religion has great power and
significance. Yet it is not so much Schleiermacher’s argument as
his strategy that is instructive. Rather than defend Christian
orthodoxy, he concedes the ground claimed by religion’s cultured
despisers. He redefines Christianity to make it accord with the
assumptions of its critics. He argues that Christianity is not
characterized by irrational credulity, because it is not concerned
with beliefs at all, but rather with feelings. By Schleiermacher’s
way of thinking, Christian beliefs are symbols, cherished because
they evoke the “immediate feeling” that links us to the divine.
With this approach, Schleiermacher was free to
partake of the rising criticism of theological systems. He need not
defend the authority of doctrine or of those who believed that
Christian doctrine made objective claims about reality. By turning
the dogmatic faith of previous generations into a religion of
feelings and intuitions, he construed Christian doctrines as
expressions of religious sentiment rather than as statements of
objective truth. For example, predestination was not for him a matter
of divine action effecting the eternal decision or decree of God,
which divided the human race into elect and reprobate. Rather, it was
a conceptual-poetic expression of the feeling of absolute
dependence upon God, which Christianity evokes and Christians
experience.
Schleiermacher is long dead, as is the
Enlightenment audience he sought to address. But the problem of
Christianity and its cultured despisers has not disappeared. It has
become increasingly evident in recent decades. Powerful forces of
secularism, metaphysical materialism, and scientism, among other
factors, have driven religion from its former places of influence.
One need only note that very nearly all private universities in the
United States were founded by religious groups and were for a long
time anchored in a religious tradition, only to become secular in the
last two generations. In response to this pressure, Christianity has
once again put forward those who seek to persuade its despisers that
the faith is not inimical to polite society.
In the mid-1990s, a sustained effort was made to
rehabilitate and defend the intellectual and academic integrity of
orthodox Christians. The leaders of this movement, the historians
Mark Noll and George Marsden, made valiant cases for the Christian
mind. In The
Scandal of the Evangelical Mind, Noll argued that American
evangelicalism was hamstrung by its commitment to indefensible
positions that lacked intellectual credibility. It consequently
attracted the scorn of educated people outside the Church. Worse
still, the lack of intellectual standards made life hard for
thoughtful individuals within the Church. Noll focused on
dispensationalism and literal six-day creation, arguing that these
commitments were not defensible by the canons of reason, nor were
they necessary for a rigorously orthodox Christian faith.
The Scandal of the Evangelical Mind was
a bestseller and named Book of the Year by Christianity
Today, the flagship evangelical magazine whose purpose was, in
part, to articulate a Christianity that avoided the excesses of
fundamentalism while defending orthodox Christianity. Shortly
afterward, Marsden argued for what he dubbed “the outrageous idea
of Christian scholarship” in a monograph of the same name. The
historical portion of his case was based on research he had earlier
published on the Christian origins of many of America’s most
significant institutions of higher education. Marsden concluded that
Christianity’s cultured despisers were simply wrong when they
claimed that faith set a person at odds with the life of the mind. In
the constructive portion of his case, Marsden argued that Christian
scholars could cultivate careful respect for the canons of academic
discourse and thoughtful, honest engagement with other academics
within the guild without compromising their faith.
Unlike Schleiermacher, Noll and Marsden are
careful to sustain full-blooded affirmations of orthodox Christian
faith. And unlike Schleiermacher’s, I find their arguments
convincing. There is nothing about belief in the saving death and
bodily resurrection of Jesus Christ that undermines intellectual
rigor or compromises academic standards—unless, of course,
those standards are deemed above criticism from the get-go. But there
can be no doubt that the extraordinarily positive reception of Noll’s
and Marsden’s ideas came about because university-educated
Evangelicals in the 1990s were anxious to be reassured. The
universities they attended increasingly told them that their faith
was disqualifying. Noll and Marsden argued otherwise, showing
that a person of faith who engaged in self-criticism and
discarded untenable beliefs could participate fully in modern
intellectual life.
Though Marsden and Noll made their cases less
than thirty years ago, I am struck by the fact that their arguments
belong to an age that is long past. The idea that a commitment to
honesty and integrity in scholarship might gain a person membership
in today’s universities and other leading institutions was, in
retrospect, naive. Higher education today is largely the land of
the woke. One might be a brilliant biochemist or have a profound
knowledge of Minoan civilization, but any deviation from
cultural orthodoxy on race, sexuality, or even pronouns will prove
more significant in hiring and tenure processes than considerations
such as scholarly competence and careful research.
Noll and Marsden are committed to a thoroughgoing
supernatural Christian orthodoxy. Nevertheless, a sociological
comparison of their project with Schleiermacher’s is legitimate.
Like the great German liberal, these American evangelicals assumed
that the problem between their religion and the culture that despised
it primarily concerned intellectual integrity and respectability.
Schleiermacher accepted the rationality of the cultured despisers.
Noll and Marsden adopted a narrower strategy, embracing the scholarly
criteria of the academy and making a credible case that religious
scholars, if capable, deserved respect from the cultural elites.
It was also true that these American evangelical intellectuals, like
Schleiermacher before them, largely blamed Christians themselves for
the scorn heaped on them—for Christians had failed to distinguish
between the essential core of faith and its accidental elaborations,
which invite unnecessary conflicts with unbelievers.
What Noll and Marsden advocated in the nineties
seemed, at least initially, to bear good fruit. Their doctoral
students published fine monographs with respected academic presses
and obtained positions at colleges and universities. And their
idea—that Christians could obtain high intellectual office if they
conformed to the expectations of the scholarly guild—had perhaps no
better exemplar than Francis Collins.
Collins, a distinguished Evangelical scientist,
was appointed by President Obama to the National Institutes of
Health. His appointment was hailed in the Washington Post as
a signal that evangelicalism was finally maturing—a comment cited
with approval by Christianity Today. If ever the
“evangelical mind” could be said to have realized its full
potential, this was surely the moment. A devout evangelical Christian
appointed to a prestigious position in the scientific community by a
progressive Democratic president! Collins was proof positive that,
yes, a careful adherence to scholarly standards combined with a
gracious and thoughtful demeanor can earn a faithful Christian a
place in the professional elite. Even in twenty-first-century
America, when a presidential candidate can speak of bigoted people
who “cling” to religion, Christians can rise to high office and
make a difference in the secular world.
Yet in the years since his appointment, Collins
has consistently defended the use of fetal tissue from elective
abortions. Worse, in recent months details have emerged of an NIH
grant supporting research on the remains of aborted babies specially
curated from ethnic minorities—an atrocity that has received no
comment from Christianity Today. To be sure,
Collins may not have approved the grant personally. But it must be
legitimate to ask what difference his Christian presence makes at the
top of his organization, given that it funds research that
legitimates abortion and racism simultaneously. Woke Christians,
typically so sensitive to matters of systemic racism, have been
rather muted on what would seem to be a clear example of just that.
The hope had been that Collins would be an
instance of what James Davison Hunter called “faithful presence”:
the idea that Christians should eschew worldly notions of power and
influence and not seek to change the world by direct means. Instead,
by being faithful disciples pursuing earthly callings in a godly and
humble manner, they are to transform the world indirectly—or
transform at least those people and institutions with whom they are
connected. In principle, this idea is sound, and Collins could have
put it into practice. But for faithful presence to be effective, the
faithfulness must be at least as important as the presence. That
seems not to be the case here.
The problem with Noll and Marsden’s approach, as
with Hunter’s related notion of faithful presence, is that modern
intellectual culture has never been engaged in a morally neutral
exercise of refining the canons of intellectual inquiry and
debate. The leading figures of the Enlightenment and their
intellectual descendants were engaged, with varying degrees of
conscious intention, in an attack on the moral significance of
orthodox Christianity.
In Revelation
and Reconciliation, Stephen Williams cautions us not to
take modernity at its word: Though the “epistemological challenge
to Christianity must be taken seriously,” we must not forget “that
it is grafted onto a fundamental resistance to the message of
reconciliation.” The Enlightenment did not simply rebel against old
ways of thinking about knowledge; it rebelled also against the moral
teachings of Christianity. The mainstream of modern thought has
deemed doctrines of human sinfulness and Christ’s atonement
incompatible with human autonomy and freedom. This moral and
political objection to Christianity is the dominant motif of today’s
cultured despisers. Unlike the canons of scholarship, the objection
that Christianity promotes subservience, injustice, and hatred cannot
be accommodated by Christians. Reason is compatible with faith, but
the opposite of humility before God and obedience to his commandments
is antithetical to it.
Last year I taught a class in historical method at
Grove City College. One of our texts was Marsden’s The
Outrageous Idea of Christian Scholarship. The students’
response to the book was striking. Though they saw Marsden as a
thoughtful and engaging writer, they considered his argument—that
Christians could find a place at the academy’s table by being
good scholars and treating colleagues with respect—unpersuasive in
the present context. No student today thinks that a professor in any
discipline at a research university who is polite and respectful to a
gay colleague will also be allowed to voice his objections to gay
marriage. That is not how the system works anymore.
My students have an accurate view of reality.
Today’s cultured despisers of Christianity do not find its
teachings to be intellectually implausible; they regard them as
morally reprehensible. And that was always at least partially the
case. This was the point missed by Noll and Marsden—though it may
not have been as obvious at Wheaton College or the University of
Notre Dame in the nineties as it is almost everywhere in higher
education today. Our postmodern world sees all claims to truth as
bids for power, all stable categories as manipulative—and the task
of the academy is to catechize students into this orthodoxy. By
definition, such a world rejects any notion that scholarly canons,
assumptions, and methods can be separated from moral convictions and
outcomes. Failure to conform to new orthodoxies on race, morality,
sexual orientation, and gender identity is the main reason orthodox
Christianity is despised today. These postmodern tenets rest upon
cultural theories that cannot accommodate Christianity, precisely
because they underwrite today’s academic refusal to discuss and
weigh alternative claims. To oppose critical race theory or gender
theory is to adopt a moral position that the culture’s panjandrums
regard from the outset as immoral. The slightest hint of opposition
disqualifies one from admission to polite society.
Here’s the rub: Within Christian circles,
particularly those of the leadership class and its associated
institutions, the desire to appease religion’s cultured despisers
has become a powerful force. Like Schleiermacher, those who hold to
this vision think that a winning strategy involves standing
shoulder-to-shoulder with the despisers. This no longer means
conformity to the canons of academic discourse, the well-considered
position advanced by Noll and Marsden. It means echoing woke outrage.
And, where possible, it means laying the blame for Christianity’s
failure to meet elite standards on other Christians, typically on
those who stand to the right of the “good Christians”
politically and beneath them economically and socially. Sadly, the
Schleiermachian ambition to appease the cultured despisers has
reinforced the Menckenite tendency to sneer at the “fundamentalist”
masses. The class division in American society between the educated
people who count and the “low-information” people who do not
appears just where it should never be found: in the body of Christian
believers.
In this respect, militant rank-and-file
evangelical support for the Trump phenomenon was paradoxically a gift
to evangelical elites. It was only too easy for evangelical leaders
to adopt the simplistic progressive narrative: Each and every Trump
voter is a hardcore ignorant bigot and, if professing Christianity,
also a rank hypocrite. The idea that not all who voted for Trump did
so with any enthusiasm had no place in the secular elite’s
interpretation of 2016; nor did it fit with the therapeutic narrative
adopted by many anti-Trump Christians. To concede that Trump’s
victory was not an artifact of white Christian nationalism or some
similarly simplistic construct would have demanded a painful degree
of heart-searching and self-criticism on the part of the officer
classes of society at large and Christianity in particular. And that
made the two extreme camps, Trump and anti-Trump, similar in the
moral clarity with which each believed it understood its opponents.
Rhetorically, the language of many of the most prominent figures on
either side was nasty in the extreme and incompatible with basic
Christian decency. Yet both sides hurled accusations without
hesitation because of the obvious (to them) evil of their opponents.
Stories of how leading #NeverTrumpers suffered like Shakespearean
tragic heroes at the hands of Trumpite Twitter mobs merit an equally
Shakespearean response: A plague on both your houses!
Post-Trump, the political landscape has shifted,
but the game is the same. The moral preoccupations of secular
progressive America now focus on two basic issues: race and LGBTQ+
rights. Christian leaders professing orthodoxy cannot support
gay rights in the form of, say, the Equality Act. It is therefore
unsurprising that we find so much vocal outrage among members of the
Christian establishment on matters surrounding race. This topic
provides a perfect opportunity for Christian leaders to place
themselves (for once) on the “good” side of a moral debate that
is generating turmoil in wider society, and thus to stand with the
cultured despisers. It also allows the older generation to assure the
young that the Church is not a haven of reactionary bigots, as their
secular peers would have them believe. And given America’s legacy
of slavery and segregation, the race issue offers ample opportunity
for public displays of self-loathing and expressions of shame, the
acts of atonement that progressive America encourages and enjoys.
Yet leading anti-racist Christians operate within
parameters set by cultural progressives. Police actions in 2018
accounted for the deaths of fewer than three hundred African
Americans, while in the same year abortions of African-American
babies accounted for more than 117,000 of the same. One would think
this extreme difference (390 to one) would make abortion the
centerpiece of Christian critiques of racism. But abortion was
remarkably unremarked upon in the myriad op-eds and blog posts about
George Floyd and critical race theory that dominated establishment
Christian websites in 2020. That is not surprising: Condemning
abortion would not have been to the taste of the cultured despisers.
Let me put it bluntly: Talking in an outraged
voice about racism within the boundaries set by the woke culture is
an excellent way of not talking about the pressing moral issues on
which Christianity and the culture are opposed to each other:
LGBTQ+ rights and abortion. Even Schleiermacher would cringe.
Christian elites try to persuade the secular world that they aren’t
so bad—no longer in terms of Enlightenment conceptions of reason,
but in terms of the disordered moral preoccupations of the day.
For all his brilliance, Schleiermacher did little
to mitigate elite cultural contempt for Christianity or preserve
Christian orthodoxy for future generations. He conceded too much and
failed to see that Christianity is despised not simply because
of its doctrinal content but because of its moral teachings. I
suspect the same will prove true today: Those who seek selective
solidarity with our cultured despisers on the woke fixations of the
day will find their strategy inherently unstable. We cannot pick
and choose moral priorities. The Christian gospel is first and
foremost a judgment on this world, not a selective affirmation of it
in the service of winning friends and influencing people.
Christians should not expect to be warmly embraced
by the world, nor even to be tolerated. In John 15, Christ tells his
disciples:
If the world hates you, know that it
has hated me before it hated you. If you were of the world, the world
would love you as its own; but because you are not of the world, but
I chose you out of the world, therefore the world hates you.
Harkening to Jesus’s words is not an excuse for
sloppy scholarship any more than it is an excuse for indifference to
injustice and evil. Nor does it justify treating with contempt those
with whom we disagree. Christians who act despicably should not
complain when they find themselves despised. But Jesus’s warning
surely reminds us that we do not need to take our cultural despisers
seriously; still less ought we to side with them against those who
actually share our faith. Christianity tells the world what it does
not wish to hear. We should not expect to be embraced by those whose
thoughts and deeds contradict the truths of our faith. Nor should we
seek to make our faith more palatable, lest the salt lose its savor.
Accommodating the world’s demands is a fool’s errand, as anyone
who reads Schleiermacher should know.
Carl R. Trueman is a
professor of biblical and religious studies at Grove City College and
a fellow at the Ethics and Public Policy Center.